Who owns the VPNs: all 23 owner groups
23 companies own the VPNs in our data. The 10 biggest are Ziff Davis, Inc., Kape Technologies, Nord Security, Point Wild, Gen Digital Inc., Innovative Connecting Pte. Ltd. (Qihoo 360-linked network), PureSquare / Gaditek, McAfee, Proton AG, WCOMES Technologies Co. Ltd.. Each owner page lists its brands, companies, licences and fines and legal actions, with sources.
| Owner | Ownership | HQ | VPNs | Fines |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ziff Davis, Inc. | listed (NASDAQ:ZD) | United States | 11 | 1 |
| Kape Technologies | private (Teddy Sagi via Unikmind Holdings; taken private and delisted from AIM in 2023) | United Kingdom | 8 | 1 |
| Nord Security | private (founders incl. Tom Okman / Eimantas Sabaliauskas; minority investors Novator, Burda Principal Investments, General Catalyst, Warburg Pincus) | Lithuania | 8 | |
| Point Wild | private (formed Dec 2024 by merger of Pango Group and Total Security; ProPrivacy names WC SACD Holdings Inc. as ultimate parent of Pango) | United States | 8 | 1 |
| Gen Digital Inc. | listed (NASDAQ:GEN) | United States / Czech Republic | 6 | 3 |
| Innovative Connecting Pte. Ltd. (Qihoo 360-linked network) | subsidiary of Lemon Seed Technology (Cayman), which Qihoo 360 reported acquiring in 2019 (per Tech Transparency Project) | Singapore | 5 | 2 |
| PureSquare / Gaditek | private (Gaditek, co-founded by the Gadit family; PureSquare launched 2023 as brand parent) | Pakistan (operating) / BVI (contracting entity) | 3 | 1 |
| McAfee | private (consortium led by Advent International and Permira, with Crosspoint Capital, CPP Investments, GIC and ADIA; ~USD 14bn take-private announced Nov 2021) | United States | 2 | |
| Proton AG | foundation (non-profit Proton Foundation is the largest voting shareholder since 2024) | Switzerland | 2 | 1 |
| WCOMES Technologies Co. Ltd. | private (two mainland Chinese shareholders per TTP) | Hong Kong | 2 | |
| Amagicom AB (Mullvad) | private (founder-owned Amagicom AB) | Sweden | 1 | 1 |
| Aura | private (venture-backed) | United States | 1 | |
| Certida, LLC | private | United States | 1 | |
| eVenture Limited (hide.me) | private | Malaysia | 1 | |
| Free Connected Limited / LightningLink Networks (X-VPN) | private (TTP reports ownership by Chengdu Zhuozhuo Technology, China) | Hong Kong / Singapore | 1 | |
| Hola VPN Ltd. / Hola Networks | private (founders Ofer Vilenski and Derry Shribman) | Israel | 1 | |
| Kaspersky (AO Kaspersky Lab) | private (founder Eugene Kaspersky) | Russia | 1 | 1 |
| Mozilla Corporation | subsidiary of the not-for-profit Mozilla Foundation | United States | 1 | |
| Ookla, LLC (Accenture) | subsidiary of Accenture plc (NYSE:ACN) since 2026 | United States | 1 | |
| OpenVPN Inc. | private | United States | 1 | |
| Opera Limited | listed (NASDAQ:OPRA); about 68% held by Kunlun Tech (China) via Hong Kong Kunlun Tech Holding | Norway | 1 | |
| VTNV Solutions Limited (Le VPN) | private | unclear | 1 | |
| Windscribe Limited | private (founder Yegor Sak) | Canada | 1 | 1 |